Many offshore sailors believe manual steering is a practical backup when an autopilot fails. On a large cruising catamaran like the Leopard 45, that quickly becomes unrealistic offshore.
Short-handed blue water cruising may feel manageable for a few hours, but during overnight passages, heavy weather, or long crossings, fatigue builds fast.
Hand steering while managing sail trim, navigation, watchkeeping, weather routing, reefing, and collision avoidance becomes physically and mentally exhausting.
For offshore catamaran sailing, the autopilot is more than a convenience — it becomes an essential crew member.
A reliable system allows the skipper to manage reefing, sail handling, navigation, equipment checks, meals, and short rest periods safely during passages.
This is especially important on the Leopard 45, where short-handed sailing relies heavily on efficient helm ergonomics, electric winches, integrated navigation, and dependable autopilot performance.
The Leopard 45 helm station was specifically designed to support offshore short-handed sailing with good visibility and centralised sail controls (Leopard Catamarans). And we strongly agree.
Every serious single-handed offshore setup should include not only a reliable primary autopilot, but also a fully tested backup drive that can be connected within minutes if the primary system fails offshore.
Aim: if the Raymarine Rotary Drive fails electrically, deploy the Hydrovane. If the failure is mechanical, install the spare Raymarine Rotary Drive.
1. Raymarine Rotary Drive – Type 2 autopilot,
2. Hydrovane steering system,
3. Spare Raymarine Rotary Drive – Type 2 unit, and
4. Spare Raymarine Autopilot Control Head.
The autopilot failed on day two of a ...
For more on this autopilot system failure (Tap >1 minute read)
1. Raymarine MECHANICAL Drive – Type 2 (PRIMARY - new),
2. Raymarine ROTARY Drive – Type 2 unit (SECONDARY - original),
3. Spares: Raymarine ROTARY Drive, Raymarine ACU400, Autopilot Control Head, EV-1 Sensor Core, and Rudder Angle Transducer.
The primary Mechanical Linear Drive is installed aft of the starboard rudder post within the engine bay, as shown in the accompanying image. This was installed during our 2024 Haulout.
The drive is mechanically connected via a dedicated tiller arm directly to the rudder shaft, providing highly responsive and reliable steering control during offshore passages and blue water cruising conditions.
This new autopilot setup was designed to improve steering redundancy and increase offshore reliability. If a steering cable fails, the vessel can still be manoeuvred using the new autopilot drive acting directly on the rudder system.
Sailing short handed on our Leopard 45 is not difficult, however relies heavily on a reliable autopilot performance for safe watchkeeping, sail handling, navigation, reefing, and fatigue reduction during short-handed sailing.
No onboard spare parts are currently carried for the Mechanical Linear Drive. In the event of primary autopilot failure, steering operations should immediately revert to the vessel’s secondary autopilot system.
The Hydrovane self-steering system was removed.
The autopilot power sources are independent, providing redundancy in the event of a power-source failure. The panel’s switch slider was modified during our 2026 Haulout. This new design modification allows access to only one switch at a time, preventing both switches from being actuated simultaneously.
These power sources culminate at the main electrical panel at a single 3-position transfer switch:
1. PRIMARY - Primary Autopilot power source,
2. OFF - (isolates both power sources),
3. SECONDARY - Secondary Autopilot power source.
During high-stress situations, switching to the other autopilot takes 3 seconds. The only consideration is leaving the helm to complete this changeover.
Lightning was considered as part of our overall risk assessment; however, not every contingency can be mitigated.
They both stated that lightning strikes are more likely to damage marine electronics and autopilot components than their associated wiring or cabling. Replacing failed components would then allow you to get to a safe port to replace cables (if needed). We already carry spare autopilot replacement components.
Choosing an anchor is a personal thing. We have stuck with what we know definitely works, having being at anchor in 70 meters to winds in excess of 60 knots.
We can attest to 3 other cruisers being blown ashore, while we stuck firm. Anchors must be treated as your last resort, and then perform...James
The “tough” laugh it off; the “smart” take it seriously. Want to lose the respect of friends and fellow cruisers quickly? Pretend fatigue is not an issue.
For a single-handed sailor, health and fatigue are among the greatest personal challenges. Understanding fatigue, particularly the importance of deep sleep (Stage 3), hydration, and recognising your personal limits are critical to safe passage-making.
Many sailors dismiss the subject until something goes wrong. It is often only after a difficult situation, and with honest self-reflection, that you realise responsibility ultimately rests with yourself.
In addition, your insurance policy may not permit single-handed sailing unless you can demonstrate appropriate training and experience.
For us, single-handed passages are limited to a maximum of 48 hours. Multiple fatigue-management courses have been completed, and we have developed a strong understanding of circadian rhythms, body-clock cycles, and the impact they have on performance and decision-making.
Once these challenges are understood and respected, the practical aspects of single-handed sailing can be addressed.
* All lines should lead back to the helm wherever possible.
* Outside the helm area, particularly at night, a life jacket should always be worn and tethered to a jackline.
* We do not go on deck while underway unless absolutely necessary. In those situations, a double-ended tether is used and clipped to the vessel’s external safety line at all times.
If you found this information helpful, please forward this link to like-minded sailors. James
Definitely. Single-handed sailing a Leopard 45 is entirely achievable with the right offshore sailing experience, preparation, and vessel setup. Like any large cruising catamaran, confidence at sea comes from knowledge, repetition, and understanding how the vessel behaves in varying offshore conditions.
For short-handed and solo offshore sailing, experience with sail handling, reefing, docking, weather routing, navigation systems, and autopilot management is essential. Confidence offshore is built through practical passage-making experience and learning how to operate the vessel safely in changing weather and sea states.
Yes. We regularly cruise for up to six months at a time, often operating in extremely remote offshore locations throughout the South Pacific and beyond. In our experience, the Leopard 45 is better constructed than many other production catamarans we have previously owned and sailed offshore.
Like all production cruising catamarans, compromises exist because these vessels are designed for a highly competitive market and built to a price point. However, we use those limitations to our advantage by continuously modifying, upgrading, and refining the vessel into a more capable offshore blue water cruising platform suited to long-distance ocean passage making.
The Leopard 45 hull design, helm visibility, engine access, storage capacity, and offshore handling characteristics make it a highly practical catamaran for extended liveaboard cruising and short-handed offshore sailing.
Docking a Leopard 45 single-handed requires preparation, patience, and practice. Like most aspects of offshore seamanship, confidence comes through repetition and careful planning.
We begin planning our marina approach and docking strategy well before arrival — often a full day in advance during offshore passages. If weather, wind direction, tidal flow, or marina conditions are unsuitable, we simply delay entry until conditions improve.
When docking a large catamaran offshore or short-handed, slow and controlled manoeuvring is critical. We keep fenders deployed around the entire vessel, even in calm weather conditions. Due to the displacement and momentum of the Leopard 45, understanding how the catamaran carries weight through the water becomes a major advantage during close-quarters manoeuvring.
Rather than fighting momentum, we use it strategically while making only small adjustments to vessel direction and speed using the twin engines.
For offshore single-handed sailing and blue water passage making, we strongly prefer autopilot systems mechanically connected directly to a rudder post or rudder shaft.
This configuration provides a major offshore reliability advantage because it bypasses many common steering system failure points, including steering cable failures and helm transmission problems. In our experience, a direct rudder-connected autopilot system can effectively cover approximately 95% of steering-related failures offshore, with the primary exception being physical rudder damage itself.
We have used hydraulic system powered autopilots in the past to great advantage. Given a choice, we steer toward the non-hydraulic units purely for the fact that there less moving parts. We have nothing against them.
Reliable autopilot redundancy is critical during offshore catamaran sailing, particularly during overnight passages, heavy weather sailing, reefing operations, watchkeeping, and extended ocean crossings where fatigue management becomes a significant safety consideration.
We have previously used hydraulic autopilot systems extensively and found them highly effective for offshore sailing and long-distance passage making. Hydraulic autopilots can provide powerful and smooth steering control, particularly on larger offshore cruising vessels and heavy displacement catamarans.
That said, when given the choice for a short-handed offshore sailing setup, we generally prefer non-hydraulic autopilot systems. Our preference is based primarily on mechanical simplicity and reduced system complexity rather than any issue with hydraulic performance itself.
Non-hydraulic mechanical autopilot drives typically contain fewer moving parts, fewer hydraulic components, and fewer potential leak or pressure failure points, which can simplify offshore troubleshooting, maintenance, and long-term reliability during extended blue water cruising.
For offshore catamaran sailing, especially during single-handed and short-handed ocean passages, simplicity and redundancy are major considerations when selecting critical steering and autopilot systems. That said, properly installed hydraulic autopilot systems remain an excellent and widely used solution for offshore cruising vessels worldwide.